Some of these papers involve clinical trials of ingredients contained in our products (e.g. bovine colostrum, collagen, or creatine). If they are designed and executed well, you can safely rely on ingredient studies for specific purposes.

Any paper cited is for informational purposes only.*

1. Ning, J., Mei, Y., Zhu, Q, Luo, X., & Yue,X. (2024). Peptidomics comparison of endogenous peptides derived from parent proteins in bovine colostrum and mature milk. LWT 191.

2. Bagwe, S., Tharappel ,L., Kaur, G., & Buttar, H. (2015). Bovine colostrum: an emerging nutraceutical. J Complement Integr Med. 12:175–85. 10.1515/jcim-2014-0039

3. Korhonen HJ. (2013). Production and properties of health-promoting proteins and peptides from bovine colostrum and milk. Cell Mol Biol. 59:12–24. 10.1170/T943

4. Paper archived.

5. Playford R.J., Weiser M.J. (2021). Bovine colostrum: Its constituents and uses. Nutrients, 3:265. doi: 10.3390/nu13010265. 

6. Główka N., Woźniewicz M. (2019). Potential use of colostrum bovinum supplementation in athletes—A review. Acta Sci. Pol. Technol. Aliment. 18:115–123. doi: 10.17306/J.AFS.0654.

7. Ooi, T. C., Ahmad, A., Rajab, N. F., & Sharif, R. (2023). The effects of 12 weeks colostrum milk supplementation on the expression levels of pro-inflammatory mediators and metabolic changes among older adults: Findings from the biomarkers and untargeted metabolomic analysis. Nutrients, 15(14), 3184. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15143184

8. Yalçıntaş, Y. M., Baydemir, B., Duman, H., Eker, F., Bayraktar Biçen, A., Ertürk, M., & Karav, S. (2024). Exploring the impact of colostrum supplementation on athletes: a comprehensive analysis of clinical trials and diverse properties. Frontiers in immunology, 15, 1395437. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2024.1395437

9. Ginjala V, Pakkanen R. (1998). Determination of transforming growth factor-B1 (TGF-B1) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) in bovine colostrum samples. J Immunoassay. 19:195–207. doi:  10.1080/01971529808005480

10. Morrissey PA, Hill TR. (2009). Fat-soluble vitamins and vitamin c in milk and milk products. In: McSweeney P, Fox PF, editors. Advanced Dairy Chemistry. New York, NY: Springer New York, p. 527–89.

11. Korhonen H, Pihlanto A. (2007). Technological options for the production of health-promoting proteins and peptides derived from milk and colostrum. Curr Pharm Des. 13:829–43. 10.2174/138161207780363112

12. Arslan, A., Kaplan, M., Duman, H., Bayraktar, A., Ertürk, M., Henrick, B. M., Frese, S. A., & Karav, S. (2021). Bovine colostrum and its potential for human health and nutrition. Frontiers in nutrition, 8, 651721. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2021.651721

13. Paper archived.

14. Bolat, E., Karagöz, Z., Alves, J. L. d. B., Neto, J. P. R. C., Witkowska, A. M., El-Seedi, H., Lombardo, M., & Karav, S. (2024). The potential applications of natural colostrum in skin health. Cosmetics, 11(6), 197.

15. Kim, H., Jang, Y., Kim, E. H., Jang, H., Cho, H., Han, G., Song, H. K., Kim, S. H., & Yang, Y. (2022). Potential of colostrum-derived exosomes for promoting hair regeneration through the transition From telogen to anagen phase. Frontiers in cell and developmental biology, 10, 815205. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcell.2022.815205

16. Samuel, M., Chisanga, D., Liem, M., Keerthikumar, S., Anand, S., Ang, C., Adda, C., Versteegen, E., & Jois, M. (2017). Bovine milk-derived exosomes from colostrum are enriched with proteins implicated in immune response and growth. Sci Rep 7, 5933. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-06288-8

17.  Pu, S. Y., Huang, Y. L., Pu, C. M., Kang, Y. N., Hoang, K. D., Chen, K. H., & Chen, C. (2023). Effects of oral collagen for skin anti-aging: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients, 15(9), 2080. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15092080

18. Song, H., Zhang, S., Zhang, L., & Li, B. (2017). Effect of orally administered collagen peptides from bovine bone on skin aging in chronologically aged mice. Nutrients, 9(11), 1209. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9111209

19. Saito, S., Cao, D. Y., Okuno, A., Li, X., Peng, Z., Kelel, M., & Tsuji, N. M. (2022). Creatine supplementation enhances immunological function of neutrophils by increasing cellular adenosine triphosphate. Bioscience of microbiota, food and health, 41(4), 185–194. https://doi.org/10.12938/bmfh.2022-018

 20. Candow, D. G., Ostojic, S. M., Chilibeck, P.D., Longobardi, I., Gualano, B., Tarnopolsky, M. A., Wallimann, T., Moriarty, T., Kreider, R. B., Forbes, S. C., Schlattner, U., & Antonio, J. (2025). Creatine monohydrate supplementation for older adults and clinical populations. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 22(sup1), 2534130. https://doi.org/10.1080/15502783.2025.2534130

21. Image archived.

22. Genius, J, Geiger, J, Bender, A, Möller, HJ,Klopstock, T, & Rujescu, D. (2012). Creatine protects against excitotoxicity in an in vitro model of neurodegeneration. PLoS One. 7:e30554. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030554

23. Smith-Ryan, A. E., Cabre, H. E., Eckerson, J. M., & Candow, D. G. (2021). Creatine supplementation in women's health: A lifespan perspective. Nutrients, 13(3), 877. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13030877

24.Wax, B., Kerksick, C. M., Jagim, A. R., Mayo, J. J., Lyons, B. C., & Kreider, R. B. (2021). Creatine for exercise and sports performance, with recovery considerations for healthy populations. Nutrients, 13(6), 1915. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13061915

25. Wang, Z., Qiu, B., Li, R., Han, Y., Petersen, C., Liu, S., Zhang, Y., Liu, C., Candow, D. G., & Del Coso, J. (2024). Effects of creatine supplementation and resistance training on muscle strength gains in adults <50 years of age: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients, 16(21), 3665. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16213665

26-30. References archived.

31. Zhao, S., Gao, Q., Rong, C., Wang, S., Zhao, Z., Liu, Y., & Xu, J. (2020). Immunomodulatory effects of edible and medicinal mushrooms and their bioactive immunoregulatory products. Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland), 6(4), 269. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof6040269

32-34. References archived.

35. Yu, C., Dong, Q., Chen, M., Zhao, R., Zha, L., Zhao, Y., Zhang, M., Zhang, B., & Ma, A. (2023). The effect of mushroom dietary fiber on the gut microbiota and related health benefits: A review. Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland), 9(10), 1028. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof9101028

36. Ganeshpurkar A et al. (2010). Medicinal mushrooms: Towards a new horizon. Pharmacogen Rev. 4(8):127-135.

37. Dudhgaonkar S et al. (2009). Suppression of the inflammatory response by triterpenes isolated from the mushroom Ganoderma lucidum. Int Immunopharmacol. 29(11):1272-1280

38. Li IC et al. (2018). Neurohealth properties of Hericium erinaceus mycelia enriched with erinacines. Behav Neurol. 2018:5802634.

39.Szućko-Kociuba, I., Trzeciak-Ryczek, A., Kupnicka, P., & Chlubek, D. (2023). Neurotrophic and neuroprotective effects of Hericium erinaceus. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(21), 15960. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24211596

40. Jung SJ et al. (2019). Immunomodulatory effects of a mycelium extract of Cordyceps (Paecilomyces hepiali; CBG-CS-2): a randomized and double-blind clinical trial. BMC Complement Altern Med. 77(19).

41. Wu, J. Y., Siu, K. C., & Geng, P. (2021). Bioactive ingredients and medicinal values of Grifola frondosa (Maitake). Foods (Basel, Switzerland), 10(1), 95. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10010095

42. El-Beltagi, H. S., Mohamed, A. A., Mohamed, H. I., Ramadan, K. M. A., Barqawi, A. A., & Mansour, A. T. (2022). Phytochemical and potential properties of seaweeds and their recent applications: A review. Marine Drugs, 20(6), 342. https://doi.org/10.3390/md20060342

43-45. References archived.

46. Russell, M. F., Sandhu, M., Vail, M., Haran, C., Batool, U., & Leo, J. (2024). Tallow, rendered animal fat, and its biocompatibility with skin: A scoping review. Cureus, 16(5), e60981. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.60981

47. Zanchetta, C., Scandolera, A., & Reynaud, R. (2025). Hyaluronic acid in topical applications: The various forms and biological effects of a hero molecule in the cosmetics industry. Biomolecules, 15(12), 1656. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom15121656

48. NutritionFacts.org is a non-profit science information hub with a list of current papers on niacinamide. Here is the link: https://nutritionfacts.org/video/the-benefits-of-topical-niacinamide-for-reversing-skin-aging/

49. Kucuk, S. D., Jabet, P., Groso, A., Collet, G.,Daniellou, R., & Karadeniz, B. (2026). Cosmeceutical and dermatological potential of shiitake mushroom (Lentinula edodes) extract. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 25(2), e70724. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocd.70724